Publikationen

@article{Kagan2026,

title = {Safety of a cytomegalovirus-specific hyperimmunoglobulin in the prevention of maternal\textendashfetal transmission after primary infection\textemdashresults of an open-label, single-arm, prospective trial},

author = {KO Kagan and M Enders and MO Schneider and A Geipel and J J\"{u}ckstock and J-P Siedentopf and F Faschingbauer and DE Gechev and MR Jaskolski and I Rohr and J Sch\"{u}tze and S Aigner and S Lentze and C Staiger},

doi = {10.1007/s00404-026-08311-8},

issn = {1432-0711},

year  = {2026},

date = {2026-12-00},

urldate = {2026-12-00},

journal = {Arch Gynecol Obstet},

volume = {313},

number = {1},

publisher = {Springer Science and Business Media LLC},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{Kagan2025,

title = {Phase 3 clinical trial on the prevention of maternal-fetal cytomegalovirus transmission with specific hyperimmunoglobulin could not demonstrate efficacy},

author = {KO Kagan and M Enders and S Aigner and J Sch\"{u}tze and S Lentze and C Staiger},

doi = {10.1016/j.ajog.2025.07.050},

issn = {0002-9378},

year  = {2025},

date = {2025-12-00},

urldate = {2025-12-00},

journal = {American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology},

volume = {233},

number = {6},

pages = {e255--e256},

publisher = {Elsevier BV},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{Rausch2025,

title = {Manual reprocessing of endovaginal and transrectal ultrasonography probes: evaluation of a wipe procedure in comparison with an immersion procedure},

author = {M. Rausch and M. Eggers and B. Hornei and C. Ilschner and S. Engelhart and K.-M. Roesch and N.T. Mutters and J. Gebel},

doi = {10.1016/j.jhin.2025.11.023},

issn = {0195-6701},

year  = {2025},

date = {2025-11-00},

journal = {Journal of Hospital Infection},

publisher = {Elsevier BV},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{CapezzonedeJoannon2025,

title = {In vitro antimicrobial activity of an oral spray combining 0.15% benzydamine hydrochloride and 0.5% cetylpyridinium chloride},

author = {AC de Joannon and M Eggers and L Boltri},

doi = {10.7573/dic.2024-9-3},

year  = {2025},

date = {2025-09-29},

urldate = {2025-09-29},

journal = {DIC},

volume = {14},

pages = {1--9},

publisher = {BioExcel},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{pmid40464547,

title = {Erratum for Kramer et al., 'How long do bacteria, fungi, protozoa, and viruses retain their replication capacity on inanimate surfaces? A systematic review examining environmental resilience versus healthcare-associated infection risk by },

author = {A Kramer and F Lexow and A Bludau and AM K\"{o}ster and M Misailovski and U Seifert and M Eggers and W Rutala and SJ Dancer and S Scheithauer},

doi = {10.1128/cmr.00129-25},

issn = {1098-6618},

year  = {2025},

date = {2025-09-01},

urldate = {2025-09-01},

journal = {Clin Microbiol Rev},

volume = {38},

number = {3},

pages = {e0012925},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{Eggers.2025b,

title = {A potential surrogate for poliovirus in testing the efficacy of hand antiseptics according to the Global Poliovirus Containment Action Plan},

author = {M Eggers and K Konrat and N H\"{u}bner and I Schwebke},

doi = {10.3205/dgkh000568},

year  = {2025},

date = {2025-07-09},

urldate = {2025-07-09},

journal = {GMS Hygiene and Infection Control},

volume = {20},

pages = {Doc39},

abstract = {Introduction: As part of the global poliovirus containment program (Global Polio Eradication Initiative, GPEI), European laboratories are increasingly restricted from using the long-established poliovirus type 1 strain LSc-2ab as the reference virus in virucidal efficacy testing of disinfectants. 

This necessitates the identification of an alternative test virus that closely resembles poliovirus in its chemical resistance, belongs to the picornaviridae family, and is suitable for routine laboratory handling. 

Materials and methods: In this study, two strains of encephalomyocarditis virus (EMCV) were evaluated as potential substitutes in quantitative suspension tests (according to EN 14476) using five biocidal active substances: ethanol, propan-1-ol, propan-2-ol, glutaral (glutaraldehyde) and peracetic acid. 

Results: The results demonstrated a strong correlation between the inactivation profiles of EMCV and Sabin poliovirus type 1 vaccine strain LSc-2ab. Due to this close correlation and EMCV's practical advantages in laboratory settings such as availability in a European virus bank, growth in a high titer, it is proposed as a suitable substitution candidate for future virucidal efficacy testing. 

Einleitung: Im Rahmen der globalen Polioeradikationsinitiative (Global Polio Eradication Initiative, GPEI) werden die europ\"{a}ischen Laboratorien hinsichtlich der Verwendung des seit Jahrzehnten etablierte Poliovirus Typ 1, Stamm LSc-2ab als Referenzvirus f\"{u}r die Pr\"{u}fung der viruziden Wirksamkeit von Desinfektionsmitteln zunehmend eingeschr\"{a}nkt. Daraus ergibt sich die Notwendigkeit, ein alternatives Testvirus zu identifizieren, das dem Poliovirus in seiner chemischen Resistenz sehr \"{a}hnlich ist, zur Familie der Picornaviridae geh\"{o}rt und f\"{u}r die routinem\"{a}\ssige Handhabung im Labor geeignet ist. 

Material und Methode: In dieser Studie wurden zwei St\"{a}mme des Enzephalomyokarditis-Virus (EMCV) als potenzielle Ersatzkandidaten in quantitativen Suspensionstests (gem\"{a}\ss EN 14476) unter Verwendung von f\"{u}nf bioziden Wirkstoffen bewertet: Ethanol, Propan-1-ol, Propan-2-ol, Glutaral (Glutaraldehyd) und Peressigs\"{a}ure. 

Ergebnisse: Die Ergebnisse zeigten eine sehr gute Korrelation zwischen den Inaktivierungsprofilen von EMCV und Sabin-Poliovirus Typ 1-Impfstoffstamm LSc-2ab. Aufgrund dieser \"{U}bereinstimmungen sowie der unkomplizierten Laborhandhabung von EMCV, wie z. B. der Verf\"{u}gbarkeit in einer europ\"{a}ischen Virusbank und dem Wachstum in hohen Titern, stellt EMCV einen geeigneten Ersatzkandidat f\"{u}r zuk\"{u}nftige viruzide Wirksamkeitstests dar.},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{Schneider.2025b,

title = {Umgang mit Toxoplasma-gondii- und HSV-Infektionen in der Schwangerschaft: Handlungsempfehlungen der AGG-Sektion "Maternale Erkrankungen"},

author = {MO Schneider and M Enders and D Huzly and U Gro\ss and F Faschingbauer and KO Kagan and S Kehl},

issn = {0016-0237},

year  = {2025},

date = {2025-05-01},

urldate = {2025-05-01},

journal = {Frauenarzt},

volume = {66},

number = {5},

pages = {332\textendash338},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{pmid40352651b,

title = {Letter to the editor regarding the paper "S2k-Guideline hand antisepsis and hand hygiene" },

author = {M Eggers and K Steinhauer and FHH Brill},

doi = {10.3205/dgkh000537},

issn = {2196-5226},

year  = {2025},

date = {2025-01-01},

urldate = {2025-01-01},

journal = {GMS Hyg Infect Control},

volume = {20},

pages = {Doc08},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{pmid40352649,

title = {Bactericidal and virucidal action of cetylpyridinium chloride and benzocaine lozenges against common oropharyngeal pathogens},

author = {T Peiter and F de Grey-Warter and T Stahl and T Hallet and D Matthews and M Eggers},

doi = {10.3205/dgkh000530},

issn = {2196-5226},

year  = {2025},

date = {2025-01-01},

urldate = {2025-01-01},

journal = {GMS Hyg Infect Control},

volume = {20},

pages = {Doc01},

abstract = {AIM: Too often, antibiotics are prescribed in the treatment of pharyngitis, which can contribute to antimicrobial resistance. We aimed to assess the in vitro antiviral and antimicrobial activity of sugar-free cetylpyridinium chloride (CPC)/benzocaine lozenges, which can potentially offer a more suitable treatment for pharyngitis.nnMETHODS: The antiviral activity of sugar-free CPC/benzocaine (1.4 mg/10 mg) lozenges (Dolo-Dobendan 1.4 mg/10 mg lozenges) was assessed using the DIN EN 14476:2019-10 suspension test against bovine coronavirus (S379 Reims) or influenza virus A (H1N1/Brisbane/59/2007) under clean and dirty conditions. Viral titers were measured after 1, 5, 10, and 30 min exposure; a reduction of ≥4 lg was considered virucidal. For bovine coronavirus, large volume plating was used due to cytotoxicity. Antimicrobial activity was measured against 11 microorganisms associated with pharyngitis, with contact times of 1, 5, and 10 min (+30 min for positive control).nnRESULTS: For influenza, sugar-free lozenges showed ≥4 lg efficacy from 5 and 10 min exposure under clean and dirty conditions, respectively. For bovine coronavirus, sugar-free lozenges exhibited ≥4 lg efficacy at 10 min under both conditions. Bactericidal activity was observed against nine of the challenge microorganisms within 5 min, with plate counts of \<10 colony-forming units (CFU)/mL for , , , , , , , and , and \<100 CFU/mL for  showed counts of \<10 CFU/mL at 30 min.nnCONCLUSIONS: Sugar-free CPC/benzocaine lozenges can be recommended for uncomplicated pharyngitis and may be more appropriate than antibiotics, helping to mitigate antimicrobial resistance.},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{pmid41200413,

title = {Enhancing the validity of virucidal activity testing of chemical disinfectants by establishing new reference substances according to EN 14476:2019},

author = {K-M Roesch and C Hildebrandt and M Eggers and F Brill and M Cavalleri and J Gebel and B Hunsinger and S Loeffert and M Rausch and I Schwebke and K Steinhauer and M Exner and NT Mutters},

doi = {10.3205/dgkh000579},

issn = {2196-5226},

year  = {2025},

date = {2025-01-01},

urldate = {2025-01-01},

journal = {GMS Hyg Infect Control},

volume = {20},

pages = {Doc50},

abstract = {INTRODUCTION: Reference tests are crucial for ensuring the comparability and quality assurance of test results in the field of chemical disinfectant testing. For testing virucidal activity, EN 14476:2019 specifies formaldehyde as reference substance. However, due to toxicological and technical concerns, formaldehyde needs to be replaced with new and more suitable reference substances.In order to find the replacement, in 2023-24 an international ring trial was conducted by the European Standardization Committee TC 216 WG 1 (chemical disinfectants and antiseptics, working group human medicine) with 17 participating laboratories. The goal was to evaluate the suitability of these substances for optimization of existing standards.nnMATERIALS AND METHODS: The study assessed the stability of the test viruses used in the disinfection test - specifically, Modified vaccinia virus Ankara, Adenovirus type 5, Murine Norovirus S99, Minute Virus of Mice, Poliovirus type 1 strain LSc-2ab and Bovine Enterovirus type 1 - to two newly selected reference substances: glutaraldehyde and peracetic acid. The study tested reproducibility and repeatability based on a predefined test protocol.nnRESULTS: The results of the two tested reference substances - glutaraldehyde and peracetic acid - provide new reference substance ranges for relevant test viruses. The findings are incorporated into the revision of the European standards, ensuring the quality assurance of efficacy testing in virucidal testing.},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{STERNJAKOB202571,

title = {Outpatient insurance data indicate increased numbers of Parvovirus B19 infections and -associated miscarriages during the 2024 epidemic in the German federal state Saarland},

author = {A Sternjakob and F Bub and M Giesen and A Schanzenbach and Th Rehlinger and H Derouet and M Enders and S Smola and FK Berger},

url = {https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1047279725001292},

doi = {https://doi.org/10.1016/j.annepidem.2025.06.007},

issn = {1047-2797},

year  = {2025},

date = {2025-01-01},

urldate = {2025-01-01},

journal = {Annals of Epidemiology},

volume = {108},

pages = {71-76},

abstract = {Objectives 

Parvovirus B19 (B19V) infection usually causes mild diseases such as Erythema infectiosum in immunocompetent individuals. During pregnancy, however, it can lead to fetal anemia, hydrops fetalis or fetal death. To date, neither B19V infections nor attributable complications are notified in Germany. At the beginning of 2024, we observed an increased number of B19V infections in pregnant women at Saarland University Hospital. 

Study design and methods 

To investigate this further, we analyzed retrospective ICD-10-coded aggregated outpatient health insurance data over the last 10 years in the German federal state Saarland on B19V infections, stratified by sex and age groups, and on B19V infection-associated pregnancies and miscarriages. 

Results 

The first B19V epidemic after the SARS-CoV-2 pandemic began in the third quarter of 2023, peaked in the first quarter of 2024 and remained stable in the second quarter of 2024. Compared to the last two pre-pandemic B19V epidemics in 2017 and 2018, the number of infections were 14 and 6 times higher respectively. In pregnant women, the number of B19V infections increased 17.5-fold in the first quarter of 2024 and by more than 60 % in the second quarter, which was accompanied by a marked increase in miscarriages. 

Conclusions 

These are the first objective data documenting an unusually strong B19V epidemic in a German federal state after the SARS-CoV-2 pandemic, with a steep rise of B19V infections in pregnant women and associated miscarriages. The establishment of early warning systems should be considered to prevent dramatic consequences of future B19V epidemics.},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{Eggers.2025,

title = {Hygiene and disinfection measures for parvovirus B19 infections},

author = {M Eggers and N-O H\"{u}bner and U Helber-Soszynski and J Bl\"{u}mel and M Exner and J Gebel and C Ilschner and HF Rabenau and I Schwebke and M Enders},

url = {https://nbn-resolving.org/urn:nbn:de:0183-dgkh0005349},

doi = {10.3205/dgkh000534},

year  = {2025},

date = {2025-01-01},

urldate = {2025-01-01},

journal = {GMS Hygiene and Infection Control},

volume = {20},

number = {Doc04},

abstract = {Background: In 2024, there has been a notable surge in the incidence of infections with parvovirus B19 (B19V). This development presents significant challenges, particularly for pregnant women, daycare centers, and medical facilities with vulnerable patients. Properties of B19V: B19V is transmitted primarily by droplet infection, directly and indirectly through contaminated surfaces. It is highly contagious and can have serious health consequences for at-risk groups, especially for pregnant women and immunocompromised individuals. There is not yet much data available on the specific tenacity/replication capacity of B19V, which is why empirical values from animal parvoviruses regarding sensitivity to disinfectants are used. Recommendations for hygiene measures: In order to prevent the further spread of B19V, an advisory has been prepared by experts from the Association for Applied Hygiene (VAH), in collaboration with the “Virus Disinfection'' commission of the German Association for the Control of Virus Diseases (DVV) and the Society for Virology (GfV). This advisory is based on a risk assessment and the specific properties of B19V, and it outlines the necessary hygiene measures, including the selection of suitable disinfectants, to be taken in various areas in order to prevent the virus from spreading further. In the domestic setting, fundamental hygiene practices include thorough handwashing, refraining from touching the eyes, mouth, and nose, the use of a medical mask in the absence of physical distancing, and the frequent ventilation of rooms. In a medical setting, for example, the disinfection of surfaces in close proximity to the patient with an active virucidal agent and the use of gloves are also recommended when dealing with infected or potentially infected individuals. Hintergrund: Im Jahr 2024 war ein signifikanter Anstieg von Infektionen mit dem Parvovirus B19 (B19V) zu verzeichnen. Diese Entwicklung konfrontierte insbesondere Schwangere, Kindertagesst\"{a}tten sowie medizinische Einrichtungen mit vulnerablen Patientinnen und Patienten mit betr\"{a}chtlichen Herausforderungen. Eigenschaften des B19V: Das B19V wird vor allem durch Tr\"{o}pfcheninfektion, direkt und indirekt \"{u}ber kontaminierte Oberfl\"{a}chen \"{u}bertragen. Es weist eine hohe Ansteckungsf\"{a}higkeit auf und kann bei Risikogruppen, insbesondere bei Schwangeren und immungeschw\"{a}chten Personen, zu gravierenden gesundheitlichen Konsequenzen f\"{u}hren. Zur spezifischen Tenazit\"{a}t des B19V liegen noch nicht viele Daten vor, weshalb Erfahrungswerte der animalen Parvoviren zur Empfindlichkeit gegen\"{u}ber Desinfektionswirkstoffen herangezogen werden. Schlussfolgerungen f\"{u}r Hygienema\ssnahmen: Vertreterinnen und Vertreter vom Verbund f\"{u}r angewandte Hygiene e.V. (VAH) zusammen mit der Kommission „Virusdesinfektion“ der Deutschen Vereinigung zur Bek\"{a}mpfung der Viruskrankheiten e.V. (DVV) und der Gesellschaft f\"{u}r Virologie e.V. (GfV) haben auf der Grundlage einer Risikobewertung sowie der spezifischen Eigenschaften des B19V eine \"{U}bersicht \"{u}ber Hygienema\ssnahmen, einschlie\sslich geeigneter Desinfektionsmittel, in verschiedenen Bereichen erstellt, um eine weitere Ausbreitung des Virus zu verhindern. Die Basishygiene im Haushalt beinhaltet gr\"{u}ndliches H\"{a}ndewaschen, Vermeidung des Ber\"{u}hrens von Augen, Mund und Nase, Tragen einer medizinischen Maske, falls keine r\"{a}umliche Trennung m\"{o}glich ist, und h\"{a}ufiges L\"{u}ften. Im medizinischen Umfeld werden f\"{u}r den Umgang mit Infizierten und Infektionsverd\"{a}chtigen beispielsweise auch die Desinfektion patientennaher Fl\"{a}chen mit dem Wirkungsbereich viruzid PLUS und das Tragen von Handschuhen empfohlen. Background: In 2024, there has been a notable surge in the incidence of infections with parvovirus B19 (B19V). This development presents significant challenges, particularly for pregnant women, daycare centers, and medical facilities with vulnerable patients. Properties of B19V: B19V is transmitted primarily by droplet infection, directly and indirectly through contaminated surfaces. It is highly contagious and can have serious health consequences for at-risk groups, especially for pregnant women and immunocompromised individuals. There is not yet much data available on the specific tenacity/replication capacity of B19V, which is why empirical values from animal parvoviruses regarding sensitivity to disinfectants are used. Recommendations for hygiene measures: In order to prevent the further spread of B19V, an advisory has been prepared by experts from the Association for Applied Hygiene (VAH), in collaboration with the “Virus Disinfection'' commission of the German Association for the Control of Virus Diseases (DVV) and the Society for Virology (GfV). This advisory is based on a risk assessment and the specific properties of B19V, and it outlines the necessary hygiene measures, including the selection of suitable disinfectants, to be taken in various areas in order to prevent the virus from spreading further. In the domestic setting, fundamental hygiene practices include thorough handwashing, refraining from touching the eyes, mouth, and nose, the use of a medical mask in the absence of physical distancing, and the frequent ventilation of rooms. In a medical setting, for example, the disinfection of surfaces in close proximity to the patient with an active virucidal agent and the use of gloves are also recommended when dealing with infected or potentially infected individuals. Hintergrund: Im Jahr 2024 war ein signifikanter Anstieg von Infektionen mit dem Parvovirus B19 (B19V) zu verzeichnen. Diese Entwicklung konfrontierte insbesondere Schwangere, Kindertagesst\"{a}tten sowie medizinische Einrichtungen mit vulnerablen Patientinnen und Patienten mit betr\"{a}chtlichen Herausforderungen. Eigenschaften des B19V: Das B19V wird vor allem durch Tr\"{o}pfcheninfektion, direkt und indirekt \"{u}ber kontaminierte Oberfl\"{a}chen \"{u}bertragen. Es weist eine hohe Ansteckungsf\"{a}higkeit auf und kann bei Risikogruppen, insbesondere bei Schwangeren und immungeschw\"{a}chten Personen, zu gravierenden gesundheitlichen Konsequenzen f\"{u}hren. Zur spezifischen Tenazit\"{a}t des B19V liegen noch nicht viele Daten vor, weshalb Erfahrungswerte der animalen Parvoviren zur Empfindlichkeit gegen\"{u}ber Desinfektionswirkstoffen herangezogen werden. Schlussfolgerungen f\"{u}r Hygienema\ssnahmen: Vertreterinnen und Vertreter vom Verbund f\"{u}r angewandte Hygiene e.V. (VAH) zusammen mit der Kommission „Virusdesinfektion“ der Deutschen Vereinigung zur Bek\"{a}mpfung der Viruskrankheiten e.V. (DVV) und der Gesellschaft f\"{u}r Virologie e.V. (GfV) haben auf der Grundlage einer Risikobewertung sowie der spezifischen Eigenschaften des B19V eine \"{U}bersicht \"{u}ber Hygienema\ssnahmen, einschlie\sslich geeigneter Desinfektionsmittel, in verschiedenen Bereichen erstellt, um eine weitere Ausbreitung des Virus zu verhindern. Die Basishygiene im Haushalt beinhaltet gr\"{u}ndliches H\"{a}ndewaschen, Vermeidung des Ber\"{u}hrens von Augen, Mund und Nase, Tragen einer medizinischen Maske, falls keine r\"{a}umliche Trennung m\"{o}glich ist, und h\"{a}ufiges L\"{u}ften. Im medizinischen Umfeld werden f\"{u}r den Umgang mit Infizierten und Infektionsverd\"{a}chtigen beispielsweise auch die Desinfektion patientennaher Fl\"{a}chen mit dem Wirkungsbereich viruzid PLUS und das Tragen von Handschuhen empfohlen. // Background: In 2024, there has been a notable surge in the incidence of infections with parvovirus B19 (B19V). This development presents significant challenges, particularly for pregnant women, daycare centers, and medical facilities with vulnerable patients. Properties of B19V: B19V is transmitted primarily by droplet infection, directly and indirectly through contaminated surfaces. It is highly contagious and can have serious health consequences for at-risk groups, especially for pregnant women and immunocompromised individuals. There is not yet much data available on the specific tenacity/replication capacity of B19V, which is why empirical values from animal parvoviruses regarding sensitivity to disinfectants are used. Recommendations for hygiene measures: In order to prevent the further spread of B19V, an advisory has been prepared by experts from the Association for Applied Hygiene (VAH), in collaboration with the “Virus Disinfection'' commission of the German Association for the Control of Virus Diseases (DVV) and the Society for Virology (GfV). This advisory is based on a risk assessment and the specific properties of B19V, and it outlines the necessary hygiene measures, including the selection of suitable disinfectants, to be taken in various areas in order to prevent the virus from spreading further. In the domestic setting, fundamental hygiene practices include thorough handwashing, refraining from touching the eyes, mouth, and nose, the use of a medical mask in the absence of physical distancing, and the frequent ventilation of rooms. In a medical setting, for example, the disinfection of surfaces in close proximity to the patient with an active virucidal agent and the use of gloves are also recommended when dealing with infected or potentially infected individuals. Hintergrund: Im Jahr 2024 war ein signifikanter Anstieg von Infektionen mit dem Parvovirus B19 (B19V) zu verzeichnen. Diese Entwicklung konfrontierte insbesondere Schwangere, Kindertagesst\"{a}tten sowie medizinische Einrichtungen mit vulnerablen Patientinnen und Patienten mit betr\"{a}chtlichen Herausforderungen. Eigenschaften des B19V: Das B19V wird vor allem durch Tr\"{o}pfcheninfektion, direkt und indirekt \"{u}ber kontaminierte Oberfl\"{a}chen \"{u}bertragen. Es weist eine hohe Ansteckungsf\"{a}higkeit auf und kann bei Risikogruppen, insbesondere bei Schwangeren und immungeschw\"{a}chten Personen, zu gravierenden gesundheitlichen Konsequenzen f\"{u}hren. Zur spezifischen Tenazit\"{a}t des B19V liegen noch nicht viele Daten vor, weshalb Erfahrungswerte der animalen Parvoviren zur Empfindlichkeit gegen\"{u}ber Desinfektionswirkstoffen herangezogen werden. Schlussfolgerungen f\"{u}r Hygienema\ssnahmen: Vertreterinnen und Vertreter vom Verbund f\"{u}r angewandte Hygiene e.V. (VAH) zusammen mit der Kommission „Virusdesinfektion“ der Deutschen Vereinigung zur Bek\"{a}mpfung der Viruskrankheiten e.V. (DVV) und der Gesellschaft f\"{u}r Virologie e.V. (GfV) haben auf der Grundlage einer Risikobewertung sowie der spezifischen Eigenschaften des B19V eine \"{U}bersicht \"{u}ber Hygienema\ssnahmen, einschlie\sslich geeigneter Desinfektionsmittel, in verschiedenen Bereichen erstellt, um eine weitere Ausbreitung des Virus zu verhindern. Die Basishygiene im Haushalt beinhaltet gr\"{u}ndliches H\"{a}ndewaschen, Vermeidung des Ber\"{u}hrens von Augen, Mund und Nase, Tragen einer medizinischen Maske, falls keine r\"{a}umliche Trennung m\"{o}glich ist, und h\"{a}ufiges L\"{u}ften. Im medizinischen Umfeld werden f\"{u}r den Umgang mit Infizierten und Infektionsverd\"{a}chtigen beispielsweise auch die Desinfektion patientennaher Fl\"{a}chen mit dem Wirkungsbereich viruzid PLUS und das Tragen von Handschuhen empfohlen.},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{Kramer.2024,

title = {How long do bacteria, fungi, protozoa, and viruses retain their replication capacity on inanimate surfaces? A systematic review examining environmental resilience versus healthcare-associated infection risk by textquotedblfomite-borne risk assessmenttextquotedbl},

author = {A Kramer and F Lexow and A Bludau and AM K\"{o}ster and M Misailovski and U Seifert and M Eggers and W Rutala and SJ Dancer and S Scheithauer},

doi = {10.1128/cmr.00186-23},

year  = {2024},

date = {2024-10-10},

urldate = {2024-01-01},

journal = {Clinical microbiology reviews},

pages = {e0018623},

abstract = {SUMMARYIn healthcare settings, contaminated surfaces play an important role in the transmission of nosocomial pathogens potentially resulting in healthcare-associated infections (HAI). Pathogens can be transmitted directly from frequent hand-touch surfaces close to patients or indirectly by staff and visitors. HAI risk depends on exposure, extent of contamination, infectious dose (ID), virulence, hygiene practices, and patient vulnerability. This review attempts to close a gap in previous reviews on persistence/tenacity by only including articles (n = 171) providing quantitative data on re-cultivable pathogens from fomites for a better translation into clinical settings. We have therefore introduced the new term textquotedblreplication capacitytextquotedbl (RC). The RC is affected by the degree of contamination, surface material, temperature, relative humidity, protein load, organic soil, UV-light (sunlight) exposure, and pH value. In general, investigations into surface RC are mainly performed in vitro using reference strains with high inocula. In vitro data from studies on 14 Gram-positive, 26 Gram-negative bacteria, 18 fungi, 4 protozoa, and 37 viruses. It should be regarded as a worst-case scenario indicating the upper bounds of risks when using such data for clinical decision-making. Information on RC after surface contamination could be seen as an opportunity to choose the most appropriate infection prevention and control (IPC) strategies. To help with decision-making, pathogens characterized by an increased nosocomial risk for transmission from inanimate surfaces (textquotedblfomite-bornetextquotedbl) are presented and discussed in this systematic review. Thus, the review offers a theoretical basis to support local risk assessments and IPC recommendations.},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{Hielscher.2024,

title = {The inactivated herpes zoster vaccine HZ/su induces a varicella zoster virus specific cellular and humoral immune response in patients on dialysis},

author = {F Hielscher and T Schmidt and M Enders and S Leyking and M Gerhart and K Bentum and J Mihm and D Schub and U Sester and M Sester},

doi = {10.1016/j.ebiom.2024.105335},

year  = {2024},

date = {2024-10-01},

urldate = {2024-01-01},

journal = {EBioMedicine},

volume = {108},

pages = {105335},

abstract = {BACKGROUND 

To evaluate the immunogenicity of the inactivated herpes-zoster vaccine HZ/su in patients at increased risk for VZV-reactivation, we analysed the quantity and quality of the vaccine-induced cellular and humoral immunity in patients on dialysis with uremic immunodeficiency. 

METHODS 

In this observational study, 29 patients and 39 immunocompetent controls underwent standard dual-dose vaccination. Blood samples were analysed before and two weeks after each vaccination, and after one year. Specific T-cells were characterized after stimulation with VZV-gE-peptides based on induction of cytokines and CTLA-4-expression using flow-cytometry. Antibodies were analysed using ELISA. 

FINDINGS Both groups showed an increase in VZV-gE-specific CD4 T-cell levels over time (p~\<~0.0001), although median levels reached after second vaccination were lower in patients (0.17% (IQR 0.21%)) than in controls (0.24% (IQR 0.3%), p~=~0.042). VZV-gE specific CD8 T-cells were only poorly induced. CTLA-4 expression on VZV-gE-specific CD4 T-cells was strongest after second dose with no differences between the groups (p~=~0.45). Multifunctional cells co-expressing IFNtextgreekg, IL-2, and TNF were higher in patients after first vaccination (p~=~0.028). Median VZV-specific IgG-levels reached a maximum after second vaccination with significantly lower levels in patients (10796 (IQR 12482) IU/l) than in controls (16899 (IQR 14019) IU/l, p~=~0.009). Despite similar CD4 T-cell levels after one year (p~=~0.415), antibody levels remained significantly lower in patients (p~=~0.0008). 

INTERPRETATION 

VZV-gE vaccination induced specific antibodies and CD4 T-cells in both patients and controls, whereas CD8 T-cell-induction was poor. Quantitative and qualitative differences in immunity may indicate reduced duration of protection which may necessitate booster vaccinations in patients on dialysis. 

FUNDING 

HOMFORexzellent (to D.S.).},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{Kagan.2024,

title = {Prenatal parvovirus B19 infection},

author = {KO Kagan and M Hoopmann and A Geipel and J Sonek and M Enders},

doi = {10.1007/s00404-024-07644-6},

year  = {2024},

date = {2024-07-29},

urldate = {2024-07-29},

journal = {Archives of gynecology and obstetrics},

volume = {310},

issue = {5},

pages = {2363-71},

abstract = {Parvovirus B19 (B19V) causes erythema infectiosum, a.k.a., fifth disease. This disease primarily affects children. It is generally self-limiting and subsides after 1-2~weeks. In pregnancy, the virus can cross the placenta and result in a fetal infection. This may lead to severe fetal anemia, hydrops fetalis, a miscarriage, or intrauterine fetal death. The risk of long-term sequelae also appears to be increased. About one-third of pregnant women are not immune to B19V and, therefore, are at risk to contract a primary infection. The seroconversion rate during pregnancy is generally around 1-2%. During a primary infection, maternal-fetal transplacental transmission of B19V occurs in about 30-50% of the cases and the risk of fetal infection increases with advancing gestational age. The risk of severe fetal anemia or hydrops is around 3-4% overall and is around 6-7% if the primary infection occurs before 20~weeks' gestation. Fetal monitoring in women with a primary B19V infection includes regular ultrasound examinations looking for evidence of hydrops fetalis and Doppler measurements of the middle cerebral artery peak velocity. Fetal blood sampling is performed if a significant anemia is suspected and, if such is found, an intrauterine blood transfusion is needed. This article provides an overview of the epidemiology, pathogenesis, clinical manifestations, diagnostic methods, and management of B19V infection during pregnancy.},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{Beck.2024,

title = {Parvovirus B19-Infektion und Schwangerschaft},

author = {R Beck and S Exler and M Enders},

doi = {10.25646/12157},

year  = {2024},

date = {2024-06-13},

urldate = {2024-06-13},

journal = {Epid Bull},

number = {24},

pages = {3\textendash7},

abstract = {Parvovirus B19, Schwangerschaft, Ausbruch, Epidemie, Ringelr\"{o}teln},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{Eggers.inpress,

title = {Gemeinsame Mitteilung von VAH und der Kommission Virusdesinfektion der DVV und GfV: Hygiene- und Desinfektionsma\ssnahmen bei Infektionen mit Parvovirus B19: Stand 15.05.2024},

author = {M Eggers and N H\"{u}bner and J Bl\"{u}mel and M Exner and J Gebel and U Helber-Soszynski and C Ilschner and HF Rabenau and I Schwebke and M Enders},

url = {https://www.vah-online.de

https://g-f-v.org/komissionen/},

year  = {2024},

date = {2024-05-15},

urldate = {2024-05-15},

journal = {Hygiene \& Medizin},

volume = {49},

issue = {6},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{Daiminger.2024,

title = {Performance of eight commercial immunoassays for the detection of cytomegalovirus-specific IgM antibodies in pregnancy - no test fits all needs},

author = {A Daiminger and R Beck and S Exler and U Bartelt and M Enders},

doi = {10.1128/jcm.01407-23},

year  = {2024},

date = {2024-04-10},

urldate = {2024-04-10},

journal = {Journal of Clinical Microbiology},

volume = {62},

issue = {4},

pages = {e0140723},

abstract = {Detection of cytomegalovirus (CMV)-specific immunoglobulin M (IgM) antibodies as first-line serologic diagnosis plays an important role in identifying CMV primary infection during pregnancy. The performance characteristics of eight commercially available CMV IgM assays were compared. Sensitivity and IgM antibody kinetics were assessed using 100 acute phase and follow-up sera from 39 pregnant women with a well-defined onset of CMV primary infection. Specificity was analyzed using 50 well-characterized serum samples from pregnant women not infected or latently infected with CMV and from patients with other acute infections. Until 12 weeks after the onset of primary infection, four assays showed sensitivities of 100%, whereas the others had individual gaps to detect all primary infections in this time period. All assays showed a time-dependent decrease of IgM levels. More than 12 weeks after the onset of infection, the IgM-positive rates varied considerably between tests. The specificity was between 92% and 98% in all but one assay. The observed differences in the performance characteristics must be taken into account in CMV screening and diagnosis of primary infection during pregnancy.},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{Gebel.2024,

title = {Evaluation of a microscale quantitative suspension test to determine the bactericidal and yeasticidal activity of glutaral \textendash one step to improve sustainability in disinfectant testing},

author = {J Gebel and M Rausch and K Bienentreu and F Droop and M Eggers and L Gebel and S Gemein and B Hornei and C Ilschner and A Jacobshagen and G Kampf and C Papan and K Roesch and L Schmitz and M Suchomel and L Vossebein and NT Mutters and M Exner},

doi = {10.3205/dgkh000458},

year  = {2024},

date = {2024-01-01},

urldate = {2024-01-01},

journal = {GMS Hygiene and Infection Control},

volume = {19},

pages = {1\textendash9},

abstract = {Aims: To evaluate a newly developed microscale quantitative suspension test compared to the existing standard suspension test using determination of the bactericidal and yeasticidal activity of glutaral as one step to improve the sustainability of disinfectant testing. 

Methods: The testing principles of the quantitative suspension test according to VAH method 9 (comparable to EN 13727) was used as a standard suspension test using 8.0 mL product test solution, 1.0 mL organic load and 1.0 mL test suspension. In addition, a micro-scale suspension test was performed in 96-well plates with 160 µL product test solution, 20 µL organic load and 20 µL test suspension. S. aureus ATCC 6538, P. aeruginosa ATCC 15442 and C. albicans ATCC 10231 were test organisms. Glutaral was tested at concentrations of 0.05%, 0.1%, 0.2% and 0.3% with exposure times of 1, 5 and 15 min. Polysorbate 80 (30 g/L), lecithin (9 g/L), L-histidine (1 g/L) and glycine (10 g/L) were used as validated neutralizers. After serial dilution of the disinfectant-neutralizer-mixture, plates were incubated for 48 h at 36°C (bacteria) or 72 hours at 30°C (C. albicans) and colony forming units (cfu) counted. The lg reduction was calculated as the difference between the results of the water control and the disinfectant at the end of the exposure time. All experiments were done in triplicate under clean conditions. Means of lg reduction were compared with the unpaired t-test, p\<0.05 was considered to be significant. Results: Sufficient bactericidal activity according the VAH test requirements of at least 5 lg was found with both methods in 16 data sets of 24 data sets in total, and insufficient bactericidal activity of less than 5 lg was found with both methods in 7 data sets. In one data set, the mean lg reduction was above 5 lg with the microscale method and \<5 lg with the VAH method, with no significant difference between the data sets (p=0.3096; 0.2% glutaral, 1 min, P. aeruginosa). A sufficient yeasticidal activity of at least 4 lg was found with both methods in one data set, an insufficient yeasticidal activity of less than 4 lg was found with both methods in 8 data sets. With one exception, no significant differences were detected between the two methods below the efficacy threshold. 

Conclusions: The microscale quantitative suspension test proved to provide results similar to those of VAH method 9 when the bactericidal and yeasticidal activity of glutaralwas evaluated, with 32 out of 33 evaluations yielding consistent results in terms of efficacy. Its suitability should be confirmed with additional bacterial species, additional biocidal active substances and in other laboratories. 

Zielsetzung: Evaluierung eines neu entwickelten Mikro-Suspensionstests im Vergleich zur bisherigen Standardmethode am Beispiel der Bestimmung der bakteriziden und levuroziden Wirkung von Glutaral als ein Schritt auf dem Weg zu mehr Nachhaltigkeit in der Desinfektionsmittel-Testung. 

Methode: Die VAH-Methode 9 wurde als Standard-Suspensionstest mit 8,0 mL Produkttestl\"{o}sung, 1,0 mL organischer Belastung und 1,0 mL Testsuspension verwendet. Dar\"{u}ber hinaus wurde ein Mikroskala-Suspensionstest (Mikromethode) in 96-Well-Platten mit 160 µL Produkttestl\"{o}sung, 20 µL organischer Belastung und 20 µL Testsuspension durchgef\"{u}hrt. Als Testorganismen dienten S. aureus ATCC 6538, P. aeruginosa ATCC 15442 und C. albicans ATCC 10231. Glutaral wurde in Konzentrationen von 0,05%, 0,1%, 0,2% und 0,3% mit Expositionszeiten von 1, 5 und 15 min getestet. Polysorbat 80 (30 g/L), Lecithin (9 g/L), L-Histidin (1 g/L) und Glycin (10 g/L) wurden als validierte Neutralisationssubstanzen verwendet. Nach serieller Verd\"{u}nnung des Desinfektionsmittel-Neutralisator-Gemischs wurden die Platten 48 h bei 36°C (Bakterien) bzw. 72 h bei 30°C (C. albicans) bebr\"{u}tet und die Kolonie bildenden Einheiten (KbE) gez\"{a}hlt. Die lg-Reduktion wurde als Differenz zwischen den Ergebnissen der Wasserkontrolle und des Desinfektionsmittels am Ende der Expositionszeit berechnet. Alle Experimente wurden in dreifacher Ausf\"{u}hrung bei geringer Belastung durchgef\"{u}hrt. Die Mittelwerte der lg-Reduktion wurden mit dem ungepaarten t-Test verglichen, wobei ein p-Wert \<0,05 als signifikant angesehen wurde. Ergebnisse: Eine ausreichende bakterizide Wirkung von mindestens 5 lg wurde mit beiden Methoden in 16 Datens\"{a}tzen von insgesamt 24 Datens\"{a}tzen (je als Mittelwert der Dreifachbestimmung) gefunden, eine unzureichende bakterizide Wirkung von \<5 lg wurde mit beiden Methoden in 7 Datens\"{a}tzen gefunden. In einem Datensatz lag die mittlere lg-Reduktion mit der Mikromethode \"{u}ber 5 lg und mit der VAH-Methode unter 5 lg, wobei kein signifikanter Unterschied bestand (p=0,3096; 0,2% Glutaral, 1 min, P. aeruginosa). Eine ausreichende levurozide Wirkung von mindestens 4 lg wurde mit beiden Methoden in einem Datensatz gefunden, eine unzureichende levurozide Wirkung von weniger als 4 lg wurde mit beiden Methoden in 8 Datens\"{a}tzen gefunden. Unterhalb der Wirksamkeitsgrenze konnten mit einer Ausnahme keine signifikanten Unterschiede der beiden Methoden festgestellt werden. 

Fazit: Die Mikromethode des quantitativen Suspensionsversuchs lieferte in 32 von 33 Versuchsans\"{a}tzen identische Ergebnisse wie die VAH-Methode 9, wenn die bakterizide und levurozide Wirkung von Glutaral im Hinblick auf das Erreichen- oder Nichterreichen der Wirksamkeitsgrenze bewertet wird. Die Eignung der Methode sollte mit zus\"{a}tzlichen Bakterienspezies, weiteren bioziden Wirkstoffen und in zus\"{a}tzlichen Labors best\"{a}tigt werden.},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{Kirov.2024,

title = {Unterschiedliche Virustransmission und klinischer Verlauf einer Zytomegalievirus-Infektion bei dichorialer Geminigravidit\"{a}t},

author = {GS Kirov and SE Alsat-Krenz and M Enders and M Hubert and M Pingel and F Dede},

doi = {10.1055/a-2060-9091},

year  = {2024},

date = {2024-01-01},

urldate = {2024-01-01},

journal = {Geburtshilfe und Frauenheilkunde},

volume = {84},

issue = {01},

pages = {39\textendash42},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}